General information:
Barbados is an island country in the Lesser Antilles of the West Indies, in the
Caribbean region of the Americas, and the most easterly of the Caribbean Islands. It
occupies an area of 432 km2 and has a population of about 287,000 (2019 estimate).
Its capital and largest city is Bridgetown.
It was inhabited by Kalinago people since the 13th century, and prior to that by other
Amerindians. The Spanish navigators took possession of Barbados in the late 15th
century, claiming it for the Crown of Castile. It first appeared on a Spanish map in
1511. The Portuguese Empire claimed the island between 1532 and 1536, but
abandoned it in 1620 with their only remnants being an introduction of wild boars for a
good supply of meat whenever the island was visited. An English ship, the Olive
Blossom, arrived in Barbados on 14 May 1625; its men took possession of the island in
the name of King James I. In 1627, the first permanent settlers arrived from England,
and Barbados became an English and later British colony. During this period, the
colony operated on a plantation economy, relying on the labour of African slaves who
worked on the island’s plantations. The slave trade to the island continued until it was
outlawed throughout the British Empire by the Slave Trade Act 1807, with final
emancipation of slaves in Barbados occurring over a period of five years following the
Slavery Abolition Act 1833.
On 30 November 1966, Barbados became an independent state and Commonwealth
realm with Elizabeth II as Queen of Barbados. On 30 November 2021, Barbados
transitioned to a republic within the Commonwealth.
Barbados's population is predominantly of African ancestry. While it is technically an
Atlantic island, Barbados is closely associated with the Caribbean and is ranked as one
of its leading tourist destinations.
History:
Contents
- Introduction
- Pre-Colonial History
- European Arrival
- The British Colony
- The Bussa’s Rebellion
- The Decolonization Process
- Contemporary Times
Introduction:
Located in the heart of the Caribbean, the island of Barbados emerges as a historical gem, whose fascinating and diverse past outlines the contours of a vibrant and resilient nation. From its indigenous origins to the crucial impacts of European colonization, Barbados has woven a unique narrative that reflects the intersection of cultures, challenges, and triumphs over the centuries.
In this article, we will explore the events that shaped the history of this enchanting island, from the early Amerindian inhabitants to the crucial moments that defined its contemporary identity. By unraveling the chapters of this saga, we hope to shed light on the cultural, social, and political richness that contributed to forging the Barbados we know today.
Pre-Colonial History:
The pre-colonial history of Barbados dates back to a time when the island was inhabited by Amerindian communities, predominantly the Arawak and Kalinago. These tribes developed distinct societies based on their agricultural practices, fishing, and cultural interactions.
The Arawak were the first to settle on the island around the 4th century BCE. Known for their skills in pottery and agriculture, they lived in peaceful villages and cultivated crops such as cassava, sweet potatoes, and corn. However, their presence was interrupted by the Caribs, a more aggressive tribe that invaded Barbados around the 13th century.
The Kalinago, a warrior society, took control of the island and over time established a dominant presence. Their activities centered around hunting, fishing, and the construction of canoes for navigation. The pre-colonial period was marked by a complex coexistence between these tribes, involving trade interactions, alliances, and, in some cases, conflicts.
Indigenous culture flourished with artistic expressions such as decorative ceramics and sculptures, reflecting the spiritual and social richness of these communities. However, the arrival of Europeans, starting with Spanish explorers, brought a dramatic change to this pre-colonial era, initiating a new chapter in the history of Barbados.
European Arrival:
The initial encounters between Europeans and the inhabitants of Barbados marked a crucial point in the island’s historical trajectory, triggering a significant phase of cultural, social, and economic changes. While the exact date of the first European arrival remains uncertain, some sources point to the Spaniards as the pioneers, due to their initial claims on Barbados, though without establishing a lasting presence. Even the Portuguese explored the island, with navigator Pedro a Campos, en route to Brazil, arriving in 1536 and naming it “Barbados” upon encountering numerous Bearded Fig Trees (Ficus citrifolia). It is noteworthy that in Portuguese, “Barbados” means Bearded Men.
It was only in the early 17th century that the English, led by Sir William Courteen, played a significant role in the island’s first effective colonization. In 1627, Captain Henry Powell led an expedition that resulted in the claim of Barbados for the British crown.
This initial contact between Europeans and indigenous people drastically altered the social and economic dynamics of the island. Europeans brought not only colonial presence but also diseases previously unknown to the local inhabitants, causing devastating impacts on the indigenous populations. The transition to British rule also saw the introduction of sugarcane cultivation as the primary colonial economic activity.
The British Colony:
The need for labor on sugarcane plantations led to the massive importation of enslaved Africans, initiating a dark period of slavery that would profoundly shape Barbadian society. Relations between colonizers and indigenous peoples were often marked by conflicts, and eventually, the Arawak and Kalinago were nearly completely decimated or assimilated by the new colonial order.
Over the centuries, Europeans molded Barbados into the image of a British sugar colony. Plantations flourished, but at the cost of the exploitation and oppression of the enslaved population. Quickly, the island became a significant center of sugar production.
The sugar revolution in Barbados was driven by the growing demand for this precious commodity in European metropolises. Plantations spanned vast areas, and labor on the plantations was primarily carried out by enslaved Africans, a practice that would leave deep marks on the island’s history.
The plantation model transformed Barbados into a stratified society, where wealthy planters held economic and political power. Sugar plantations thrived, and the island became one of the major suppliers of this highly coveted product.
Over time, competition among colonial powers increased, and Barbados found itself at the center of territorial disputes. During the 17th century, the island alternated between English rule and brief occupation by the Dutch. Throughout this period, the sugar economy prevailed.
Despite its prosperity, the sugar economy brought social challenges. The dependence on slave labor, inhumane conditions on plantations, and racial tensions shaped Barbadian society at the time.
The 18th century brought significant changes with the decline of sugar production in Barbados, as other Caribbean colonies emerged as competitors. However, the impact of the sugar colonial period endured, leaving a complex legacy in the island’s culture and social structure.
The Bussa’s Rebellion:
In the early 19th century, Barbados remained under British rule and was subjected to the oppressive slave system. Discontent with this exploitation, various insurgents came together to forge a rebellion in 1816, marking one of the most significant slave uprisings in Caribbean history.
This uprising became known as the Bussa’s Rebellion, named in honor of the leader of the resistance against slavery, Bussa Empera. On sugar plantations, enslaved individuals faced extremely harsh working conditions, enduring exhausting labor, brutal punishments, and a precarious existence.
The revolt began in April 1816 when Bussa, alongside other rebel leaders, orchestrated an uprising against British colonial authorities. The goal of the insurgents was to achieve freedom and end slavery. The rebellion stood out for uniting enslaved individuals of various ethnic backgrounds in a collective effort against oppression.
However, the Bussa’s Rebellion faced considerable challenges, including violent repression by British colonial authorities. Colonial forces managed to quell the uprising, resulting in the death of many insurgents, including Bussa. Despite the military defeat, the Bussa’s Rebellion left an indelible mark on the consciousness of the people in Barbados and contributed to the growing resistance movement against slavery in the region.
The Bussa Rebellion is remembered as a crucial chapter in the fight against slavery in the Caribbean, representing a milestone in the history of slave emancipation. Eventually, in 1834, the Emancipation Act was enacted in the British Empire, ending slavery in British colonies, including Barbados, marking a significant achievement for the Barbadian nation.
Throughout the 19th century, Barbados’ economy and society underwent notable diversification. After the emancipation process, freed individuals faced a landscape filled with new opportunities. However, even in the face of this promising horizon, stratified social structures and inequalities that dated back to the colonial period under British rule persisted.
The Decolonization Process:
Throughout the 20th century, Barbados witnessed a significant transformation in its political landscape, marked by a movement toward a more inclusive and democratic society. In the early years of the century, local politics were dominated by plantation owners and British-descendant traders, leaving over 70% of the population, including women, deprived of the right to vote, on the sidelines of the democratic process.
It was only in the 1930s that descendants of the enslaved initiated a movement for political rights. Led by Sir Grantley Adams, the Barbados Progressive League, founded in 1938, later evolved into the Barbados Labour Party (BLP). This party sought not only to expand the rights of the poor but also advocated for monarchy.
Democratic advances gained momentum in 1942, with a reduction in income qualifications for voting and the extension of voting rights to women. In 1949, control of the government was wrested from planters, and Sir Grantley Adams became Premier of Barbados in 1953.
During the period from 1958 to 1962, Barbados participated in the West Indies Federation, a federalist initiative that ultimately faced challenges due to nationalist attitudes. In this context, Errol Barrow, a fervent reformer, left the BLP and founded the Democratic Labour Party (DLP), offering a liberal alternative to Adams’ conservative government.
Barrow implemented progressive social programs, including providing free education for all Barbadians and a school meals system. In 1961, Errol Barrow succeeded Grantley Adams as Premier, consolidating the DLP’s control over the government.
With the collapse of the West Indies Federation, Barbados regained its status as an autonomous colony. In June 1966, after negotiations with Britain, Barbados achieved independence. On November 30, 1966, Errol Barrow became the first Prime Minister of independent Barbados, with Elizabeth II remaining as Queen of Barbados. The country, after years of peaceful and democratic progress, became a full member of the Commonwealth, the United Nations, and the Organization of American States, consolidating its position on the international stage.
Contemporary Times:
Since the beginning of the 21st century, Barbados has continued its journey as a sovereign nation, marking a significant chapter in its post-independence history. In 2020, the government of Barbados announced its intention to become a republic, ending the era of monarchy and adopting an elected presidential system. This move, planned to coincide with the 55th anniversary of independence on November 30, 2021, symbolized a fundamental shift in the country’s political structure.
The transition to a republic was formalized with the approval of the Constitutional Amendment Act in October 2021. Sandra Mason, then Governor-General, became the first President of Barbados, officially inaugurating her presidency on November 30, 2021. The presence of Prince Charles at the inauguration ceremony, representing the British monarchy, highlighted the historic transition.
The acceptance of the change to a republic was reflected in a survey conducted at the end of 2021, showing that 34% of respondents supported the transition, while 30% were indifferent. The overwhelming victory of Prime Minister Mia Mottley’s Barbados Labour Party in the January 2022 general elections solidified the people’s confidence in her leadership during this transformation.
In June 2022, a Constitutional Review Commission was formed to examine and potentially adjust Barbados’ Constitution. This initiative reflects the country’s ongoing commitment to adapting its institutions as it evolves politically.
The beginning of the 21st century has witnessed Barbados shaping its destiny as an independent republican nation, maintaining its place in the Commonwealth of Nations and strengthening its democratic institutions. The history of this period reflects Barbados’ ability to adapt and evolve while remaining true to democratic principles and the pursuit of a robust national identity.
Economy:
Barbados, being a former British colony, inherited and experienced
an economy centered around sugar production for much of its history.
However, over time, the island diversified its economy, incorporating
sectors such as tourism, financial services, and manufacturing.
Tourism has emerged as a key sector in recent decades, driven by
the island’s natural beauty, mild climate, and local hospitality. Tourism is
a significant driving force in Barbados’economy, attracting visitors from
around the world in search of stunning beaches, water activities, and a
unique cultural experience. Hotels, restaurants, and tourism-related activities play a crucial
role in providing jobs and contributing to the country’s Gross Domestic
Product (GDP). Barbados has also become a financial center in the
Caribbean, attracting foreign investments and international companies
with a robust banking sector and favorable legislation. However, the
stability and integrity of the financial sector have become areas of focus,
especially in a global environment of increasing regulatory scrutiny.
Despite its successes, Barbados faces economic challenges, with
high public debt being a persistent concern, leading the government to
implement austerity measures to stabilize finances.
The Barbadian government has implemented economic reforms to
address its challenges, including agreements with international
organizations for debt restructuring and policies to diversify the
economy. Initiatives to promote investment in sectors such as
technology and renewable energy aim to reduce dependence on more
traditional sectors.
Barbados’ economic outlook includes a continued emphasis on
diversification, sustainability, and resilience. Developing sectors like
technology, education, and renewable energies can help create a more robust economic foundation less susceptible to external shocks. While
facing economic challenges typical of many small island economies,
Barbados’ commitment to resilience and sustainable development is
evident in debt restructuring and economic diversification measures.
Balancing the preservation of cultural heritage with the need for
innovation will be essential for ensuring a prosperous economic future as
the island progresses.
Barbados has adopted monetary and fiscal policies to stabilize its
economy. Responsible public finance management, combined with
flexible monetary policy, aims to maintain macroeconomic stability and
promote sustainable growth. Balancing public debt management and
attracting foreign investments play a crucial role in this scenario.
Actively engaging in international trade, Barbados is a member of
the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) and a signatory of bilateral and
multilateral trade agreements. Diversifying trade partnerships is a crucial
strategy to mitigate risks associated with dependence on a single
market. Exploring new export opportunities and enhancing production
capabilities are key areas in this context.
Investing in education and human resource development is
essential to strengthen Barbados’ economic foundation. Forming a
skilled and adaptable workforce is crucial for driving sectors such as
technology, innovation, and financial services. Partnerships between the
private sector and educational institutions can play a vital role in this
process.
Barbados recognizes the importance of sustainability in its
economic development. Initiatives to promote renewable energy and
sustainable business practices aim not only to reduce vulnerability to
environmental shocks but also to position the island as a leader in
responsible economic practices. Infrastructure development is a key
component in promoting economic growth. Investments in transportation,
telecommunications, and energy infrastructure are fundamental to
improving internal connectivity and Barbados’ global competitiveness.
These investments not only facilitate trade but also attract foreign
direct investments. While facing challenges, Barbados' measures to
boost the economy demonstrate a commitment to adaptation and
innovation. By embracing diversification, sustainability, and investing in
human resources, the island is laying the groundwork for a more resilient
economic future.
The United States is Barbados’ primary export and import partner,
followed by Trinidad and Tobago in second place. The country uses the
Barbadian dollar (BBD) as its currency. Data from 2021 reveals that
Barbados’ major imports include Refined Petroleum ($331M), Crude
Petroleum ($277M), Railway Freight Containers ($137M), Cars
($42.7M), and Passenger and Cargo Ships ($40.3M), mainly from the
United States ($702M), Guyana ($283M), China ($236M), Trinidad and
Tobago ($126M), and the United Kingdom ($74.9M).
As for exports, Barbados’ main products are Strong Alcoholic
Beverages ($60.8M), Passenger and Cargo Ships ($25.2M), Packaged
Medicaments ($23.1M), Cement ($14.1M), and Paper Labels ($13.3M).
The country primarily exports to the United States ($70.4M), Jamaica
($41.4M), Guyana ($28.8M), Trinidad and Tobago ($26.4M), and Italy
($23.2M).
Tourism:
Barbados, a Caribbean paradise, is a tourist destination that
captivates visitors from around the world with its natural beauty, rich
culture, and warm hospitality. Situated at the eastern edge of the Lesser
Antilles archipelago, Barbados is renowned for its stunning beaches,
crystal-clear waters, and vibrant atmosphere.
The beaches of Barbados are postcard-perfect, featuring white
sands and turquoise waters that invite tourists to relax and enjoy the
tropical climate. Crane Beach, considered one of the world’s most
beautiful, exemplifies the island's natural beauty with its imposing cliffs
and tranquil waters.
Beyond its beaches, Barbados offers a rich cultural experience.
The capital, Bridgetown, is a UNESCO World Heritage site, adorned with
colonial architecture, lively markets, and fascinating museums that narrate the island’s history. The Barbados National Museum is a
standout, displaying artifacts from the time of European colonization and
offering a captivating insight into the island’s evolution over the
centuries.
Local cuisine is also a must-try in Barbados. Visitors can savor
traditional dishes such as ”;cou-cou”; (made with corn and okra) and flying fish, prepared in various delicious ways. Seaside restaurants not only
provide a unique gastronomic experience but also offer spectacular
views of the ocean.
Barbados is also renowned for its lively music and entertainment
scene. The pulsating rhythms of calypso and reggae can be heard
throughout the island, especially during the colorful and energetic
Barbados Carnival, celebrating local culture. For nature enthusiasts, a visit to Harrison’s Cave is a unique
experience. This underground cavern showcases impressive rock formations and crystal-clear water pools, providing visitors with an
opportunity to explore the natural beauty hidden in the depths of the
island.
Discover Barbados, a Caribbean destination that combines natural
beauty, vibrant culture, and unique experiences. Grantley Adams
International Airport (BGI) serves as the entry point, located near the
capital, Bridgetown. Round-trip flights range from R$ 9,767 to R$
25,081.
The official currency is the Barbadian Dollar (BBD), and it is
advisable to check the exchange rate before travel. English is the official
language. Make advance reservations for accommodations, especially
during the high season.
Explore the island by visiting attractions like Harrison’s Cave,
Andromeda Gardens, and Bathsheba on the east coast. Engage in water
activities such as snorkeling, diving, and boat tours.
Barbados boasts an efficient public transportation network,
including buses and taxis. Car rental is also a popular option for
independent exploration.
To visit Barbados, a negative PCR test taken within 72 hours
before arrival is required. Fill out the online immigration and customs
form, called the "Travel Form" (available at
[https://travelform.gov.bb/](https://travelform.gov.bb/)), and keep the
receipts for presentation to Immigration and Customs. Download the ”Be
Safe” app to access important information.
This Caribbean destination is an excellent place to create
unforgettable memories. Tourism in Barbados offers a perfect blend of
stunning beaches, rich cultural heritage, delicious cuisine, and a
welcoming atmosphere. Whether relaxing on its idyllic beaches or
immersing in vibrant cultural life, Barbados promises an extraordinary
experience.
Geography:
Barbados is an island located at the far eastern end of the
Caribbean, in the region known as the Windward Islands, being the most
eastern of the group. Situated southeast of St. Lucia and northeast of
Trinidad and Tobago, its approximate geographical coordinates are
13.1939° N latitude and 59.5432° W longitude. The distinctive
topography of Barbados is characterized by being a coral-lime island,
with an average elevation of only 168 meters above sea level, lacking
major mountains, mountain ranges or volcanoes, thus differing from
many other Caribbean islands. The island has a manageable size,
considering that it can be circumvented by car in less than a day, and on
foot in 30 hours (assuming you don’ stop to rest).
The climate in Barbados is tropical, maintaining consistent
temperatures throughout the year, ranging between 24°C and 30°C. The
rainy season, typically from June to November, coincides with the
hurricane season in the Atlantic. The diverse vegetation includes areas
of low vegetation, shrubs, and some forests, influenced by limestone
soil. Palms, tropical fruit trees, and colorful flowers constitute the island’s
flora. Despite the flat topography, Barbados has water resources such
as rivers and streams, though they are not numerous, emphasizing the
importance of efficient water management to meet the needs of the
population and agriculture.
Barbados’ famous beaches are recognized worldwide for their
beauty, characterized by white sands and crystal-clear waters. The
"Platinum Coast," on the west coast, offers calmer beaches, while the
east coast, washed by the Atlantic Ocean, is suitable for surfing due to
stronger waves.
Bridgetown, on the southwest coast, is the capital of Barbados,
serving as the main urban center, blending history, culture, commerce,
and entertainment. Historically, the island’s economy relied on agriculture, with sugar being a key commodity, despite current economic
diversification. Even today, about ¾ of Barbados’ land is arable.
Barbados not only enchants with its stunning beaches but also has
coral reefs, contributing to the richness of marine life. The west coast is
ideal for diving and snorkeling, while the east coast attracts surfers
seeking challenges in Atlantic waves. The geography influences the
vegetation, with areas of low vegetation, shrubs, and forests scattered
on higher ground. The local fauna includes various birds, fish, and
reptiles, contributing to biodiversity. Despite the flat topography,
Barbados demonstrates resilience in the face of natural challenges, with
efforts to preserve coastal ecosystems.
Environmental awareness has been growing on the island,
reflecting a commitment to preserving its resources for future
generations. Barbados’ unique geographical location as a convergence
point between the Atlantic and the Caribbean has influenced historical
aspects, such as its strategic importance during colonization and trade
periods.
Barbados is a unique Caribbean island, whose geography has
shaped its history, culture, and economy, making it a popular tourist
destination and a significant part of the Caribbean's geographical
diversity. Barbados' strategic location as a meeting point between the
Atlantic and the Caribbean has had significant historical and economic
implications. The commitment to environmental preservation
demonstrates a keen awareness of the geographical challenges faced
by the island, despite its size.
Defense:
Barbados boasts a dedicated military committed to preserving its
sovereignty and security. The armed forces play an essential role in safeguarding against both internal and external threats, ensuring stability and peace within the nation. The country’s armed forces are represented by the Barbados Defence Force (BDF), established on August 15, 1979.
Tasked with territorial defense and internal security, the BDF
headquarters is strategically located at St. Ann’s Fort, The Garrison,Saint Michael.
The Barbados Defence Force (BDF) comprises three key
elements:
– The Barbados Regiment, representing the land component,
situated at St. Ann's Fort and Paragon Base, encompassing regular and
reserve units.
– The Barbados Coast Guard, responsible for the maritime
component, executing various functions such as patrolling territorial
waters, drug interdiction, and participation in humanitarian exercises.
Similar to the Regiment, the Coast Guard consists of regular and reserve
units.
– Another crucial component is the now-defunct Barbados Air
Force, established in 1971 and retired in 1985. The Barbados Air Force
aims to be reinstated at some point to further strengthen the country&’s
defensive capabilities.
In addition to these units, the BDF includes the Barbados Cadet
Corps, a youth military organization initiated in 1904, and the BDF Sports Program, specializing in recruiting and training athletes in five sports.
The Barbados Legion, founded in 1957, is a voluntary organization of veterans, while the BDF bands, such as the renowned Zouave Band, play prominent roles in preserving military history and tradition.
The scope of the Barbados Defence Force extends beyond
national defense, encompassing participation in regional organizations and contributions to local sports and culture. This comprehensive
approach reflects the multifaceted role of the BDF in Barbados’ security and development.
In terms of international defense cooperation, Barbados actively
participates in various regional and global organizations. In the
Caribbean region, the island is a member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), an organization aimed at promoting economic, political, and security cooperation among member countries. Within CARICOM, Barbados closely collaborates with other Caribbean nations to address common security challenges and promote stability in the region.
Additionally, as part of the Commonwealth, Barbados benefits from collaboration on global security issues. The Commonwealth provides a platform for dialogue and cooperation among its members, promoting international peace and security.
Barbados’ involvement in United Nations peacekeeping missions is another indicator of the country’s commitment to global defense.
Contributing troops to peacekeeping operations, Barbados plays an active role on the international stage, assisting in stabilizing conflict-affected areas and promoting global peace and security.
In summary, the Barbados military plays a vital role in defending
the nation, working in collaboration with regional and international organizations to address common security challenges.
This active participation underscores Barbados’s commitment to peace and stability, not only at the national level but also in a global context.
